ABSTRACT
La nutrición es un factor relevante en el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de la nutrición deportiva es aportar la cantidad de energía apropiada, otorgar nutrientes para la mantención y reparación de los tejidos y, mantener y regular el metabolismo corporal. Entre los macronutrientes más relevantes para el deportista están los Hidratos de Carbono, cuyo aporte se ajusta de acuerdo al entrenamiento, semana previa a la competencia, día de la competición y recuperación. Otro aspecto central, es asegurar una hidratación adecuada, para lo cual es fundamental implementar planes adaptados a los requerimientos individuales como parte del programa de entrenamiento. Finalmente, es importante considerar el uso de suplementos en los deportistas basados en la evidencia de la medicina actual, de manera de obtener beneficios a partir de ellos, evitar riesgo de salud y de dopaje.
Nutrition is an important factor in sports performance. The goal of sports nutrition is to provide the proper amount of energy, nutrients for maintenance and repair of tissues and, preserve and regulate body metabolism. Among the most important macronutrient for the athlete are carbohydrate, whose intake is adjusted according to the training a week before the competition, the day of the competition, and the recovery after it. Another focus is to ensure an adequate hydration, which is essential for implementing specifics plans to individual requirements as part of the training program. Finally, it is important to consider the use of supplements in athletes based on current medical evidence, to obtain benefits from them, and to avoid health risks and doping.
Subject(s)
Humans , Athletes , Carbohydrates , Dietary Supplements , Nutritional Requirements , Diet , Energy Drinks , ExerciseABSTRACT
Para un porcentaje alto de pacientes que no logran controlar su peso solo con modificación de su hábito de alimentación y ejercicio se hace necesario contar con fármacos que apoyen los cambios de estilo de vida. Lamentablemente, la historia de la farmacoterapia para el tratamiento de la obesidad ha estado llena de contratiempos y dilemas relacionadas a seguridad, eficacia, abuso y efectos adversos. Esto ha llevado a que actualmente los criterios de la FDA y EMEA para la aprobación de un fármaco sean muy exigentes, tal como ocurrió el año 2010 y comienzos del 2011 cuando se rechazó el lanzamiento al mercado de cuatro opciones farmacéuticas. Hay múltiples blancos terapéuticos en estudio, quizá uno de los más interesantes sea la inhibición de la hormona Ghrelina. Las escasas alternativas terapéuticas actuales llevan a que los pacientes intenten ayudarse con suplementos para bajar de peso, muchos de ellos inefectivos.
For a high percentage of patients who are unable to control his weight only with modification of its eating habit and exercise, it is necessary to have drugs to support changes in lifestyle. Unfortunately the history of Pharmacotherapy for the obesity treatment has been filled with set backs and dilemmas related to safety, efficacy, abuse and adverse effects. This has led to the currently FDA and EMEA criteria for approval of a drug are very demanding, as occurred on 2010 and early 2011, when they reject the release of 4 pharmaceutical options. There are multiple therapeutic targets in study, perhaps one of the most interesting is the inhibition of the ghrelin hormone. The few current therapeutic alternatives lead to patients should try to help with supplements for weight loss, many of them ineffective.
Subject(s)
Humans , Diethylpropion , Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use , Obesity/drug therapy , Phentermine , Appetite Depressants/adverse effects , IncretinsABSTRACT
Background: High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is inversely associated to atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk. Disturbances in HDL cholesterol plasma leves are frecuent in the Chilean population, however the pathophysiological mechanisms are unknown. Aim: To evaluate the mechanisms involved in the hypo and hyper alfalipoproteinemias in Chilean subjects. Materials and Methods: Twenty three subjects with hyperalphalipoproteinemia and 12 with hypoalphalipoproteinemia, paired with control subjects (col-HDL between 35 and 55 mg/dl) were studied. We measured plasma lipids, subfractions and sizing of HDL particles and enzymatic activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (LH). Results: Subjects with hyperalphalipoproteinemia showed significantly higher levels of total HDL-cholesterol (70±2 vs 44±1 mg/dl), HDL 2 (30±3 vs 5±1 mg/dl), Apo A I (175±3 vs 146±4 mg/dl), lower HL activity (23,7±0,8 vs 32,4±1,8 mmol/h/l) and HDL particles of greater size, compared to their controls. Subjects with hypoalphalipoproteinemia, showed significantly lower levels of total HDL-cholesterol (26±1 vs 48±2 mg/dl), HDL 3 (21±1 vs 40±2 mg/dl), Apo A I (107±5 vs 145±7 mg/dl), lower LCAT activity (18,6±1,9 vs 26,2±1,6 nmol/h/ml) and smaller HDL particles, compared to their controls. Conclusion: Changes in hepatic lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activities may explain the hyper and hypo alphalipoproteinemia respectively, in Chilean subjects.